生物渗滤池运行参数优化研究

实验针对间歇投配污水的生物渗滤池处理生活废水的一些基本运行参数进行了优化研究。通过对生物渗滤池的出水量、不同填料性质、不同填料粒径以及不同进水水质与污染物(COD)去除率影响的研究,证实该系统的水力负荷与污染物去除率成反向关系,即当水力负荷减少时,污染物去除率会相对增加;研究还表明选用粒径为0.9～2mm自然河沙作为系统填料时,系统COD去除率较高,这时填料不易被堵塞且即使堵塞也较易恢复;运用生物渗滤池处理城市生活污水能使处理后污水COD达到城镇污水处理厂出水排放标准的一级标准。提高污水中营养物质的配比以及采用多级生物渗滤池联用,能高效处理高浓度污水,甚至使出水达标排放。     

人工湿地对化粪池出水净化效果的对比研究

对比了四种复合人工湿地系统对化粪池出水COD、TP、NH3-N和SS的净化效果,试验系统均采用间歇式进水,时间间隔为1d。为期7个月的运行结果表明,系统出水水质均达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)中的二级标准,其中潜流(水平流)+垂直流(上行流)湿地系统对COD的去除效果最好;垂直流(下行流)+垂直流(上行流)湿地系统对TP、NH3-N、SS去除效果最好;选用含钙石灰石和含铁矿粉做填料、采用间歇式的运行方式可以提高湿地系统对污染物的去除率。     

应对大型油罐特大火灾的研究——LASTFIRE项目组简介

简要介绍了LASTFIRE项目组的成立背景、组织结构、研究领域、研究目的、研究思路、研究进展等内容,总结了该项目组近几年的研究成果,指出我国的相关企业或研究机构应积极参与这种国际研究组织,实现研究国外资源共享,共同提高大型储罐的安全技术和管理水平。     

Coupling effects of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation on the dynamic response of a fixed-roof tank

The occurrence of leakage in large tank farms or oil deposits can lead to fire or explosion accidents. Coupling effects of fire and explosion loadings can cause considerably more damage to adjacent tanks or buildings than either loading individually does. In this study, the combined loadings of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation from a pool fire on a neighboring empty fixed-roof tank were numerically investigated. The effects of the explosion shock wave intensity and relative height of the explosion center [the ratio of the height of the explosion center to the height of the tank (h_r)] were analyzed. The results indicate that tanks damaged by explosion shock waves have decreased fire resistance and critical buckling temperature. Moreover, the thermal buckling deformation of the predamaged tank largely depends on the explosion shock wave. With an increase in the explosion shock wave intensity or a decrease in h_r, the explosion shock wave has greater influence on the fire resistance of the tank, and the critical buckling temperature decreases. This paper can provide an understanding of the dynamics of a tank under explosion shock wave loading, and of the critical failure criterion and failure modes of a target tank under the coupled loading of the explosion shock wave and an adjacent pool fire.     

Dynamic contact angle effects on gas-liquid behaviors in the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with stirred tank reactor design

Liquid water management is still a critical issue in the improvement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. In this work, for the first time, the liquid water behavior and transport inside the cathode of a PEMFC with a stirred tank reactor (STR) design, rather than the conventional PEMFC flow channel design, are numerically studied. The dynamic contact angle (DCA) is applied to multiple wall boundaries in the numerical model through a user-defined-function (UDF) code, i.e., STR-DCA model. Another numerical model with the static contact angle (SCA) and same operating conditions, i.e., STR-SCA model, is also developed for comparison. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is employed in the simulation to track the gas-liquid interface. The results show that the liquid water distribution and transport are significantly different between these two models, indicating the remarkable effects of DCA on the simulation results. It is also verified the capability of STR-PEMFC to reduce the liquid water flooding, showing the potential of this channel-less type fuel cell in the further development.     

Quantified risk assessment on life and property loss from road collision vehicle fires with hydrogen-fueled tank

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles pose hazards different from conventional vehicles. This paper performs a risk assessment on road collision vehicle fires with hydrogen-fueled tank of 70 MPa. The high voltage battery fire caused by road collision can lead to onboard hydrogen release or explosion. Events progressions are analyzed and typical hydrogen consequences are evaluated quantitatively, including hydrogen jet fires and tank catastrophic rupture. Perimeters around the accident scene are proposed for the safety of general public and first responders, respectively. Risks of fatalities, injuries, and damages are all quantified in financial terms to make it possible to combine and compare.     

日本“3·11”大地震对石化行业的启示

简要分析了日本“3·11”大地震后发生的2起炼油厂火灾事故,对日本在地震中的一些经验教训进行了总结,根据本次及近几年地震对石化企业的破坏情况,分析了地震中石化装置的薄弱环节,并提出对石化行业的启示。     

基于多源数据融合的石油罐区安全监控模型

由于单一传感器在石油罐区安全监控中容易受到外界因素影响从而产生误差,为提高传感器检测结果的可靠性和罐区安全监控预警的准确性,基于多源数据融合技术,建立罐区安全状态预警模型。首先,介绍了多源数据融合技术的3个层级:数据级融合,特征级融合和决策级融合,以及目前各领域常见的数据融合方法;其次,建立了基于最优加权融合算法的一级融合模型和基于BP神经网络算法的二级融合模型;最后,得到石油罐区安全监控数据融合模型,并为进一步的实践应用打下了理论基础。     

基于火灾场景的大型浮顶储罐区全过程风险防范体系研究

针对大型浮顶罐区火灾事故风险特征,通过对火灾场景辨识及其火灾风险影响因素分析,结合预防初期火灾场景风险要素和消防系统有效性,提出了罐区火灾事故现实风险的评估框架及确定方法。在此基础上,构建了基于火灾场景的全过程风险防范体系,包括库区评估规划、罐体本质安全化设计、库区火灾预防、罐区火灾扑救、园区火灾事故管理等5个方面,并给出相应的对策措施。大型浮顶罐区全过程火灾风险防范是一个持续改进的结构化过程风险管理体系,有助于实现罐区火灾风险的过程安全管理,进而提高仓储型园区的整体消防安全保障能力和风险防控水平。     

储罐长周期腐蚀声发射监测试验

对一放置2年时间的储罐试验模型进行长周期的声发射腐蚀监测,通过研究其在稳定腐蚀状态下的声发射信号特征,分析其腐蚀的机理和信号产生的原因,形成对储罐腐蚀更深入的认识。文章还对稳定腐蚀状态下的储罐声发射特征参数进行统计分析,为后续的储罐在线声发射检测评价打下数据基础。